SameLatitude
Cities at the same latitude as
Pereiras
Cities on the same parallel as Pereiras
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For smoother interaction, the globe shows the 100 most populous matching cities. The complete list appears in the table below.
Lat: -23.08°
Lng: -47.9758°
Pop: 8,737
Time Zone: America/Sao_Paulo
List of cities
| City | Country | Population | Latitude |
|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo | Brazil | 12,400,232 | -23.55° |
| Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 6,747,815 | -22.91° |
| Guarulhos | Brazil | 1,345,364 | -23.46° |
| Campinas | Brazil | 1,031,554 | -22.91° |
| Duque de Caxias | Brazil | 866,347 | -22.79° |
| Nova Iguaçu | Brazil | 843,046 | -22.76° |
| Sorocaba | Brazil | 762,172 | -23.50° |
| Osasco | Brazil | 728,615 | -23.53° |
| São José dos Campos | Brazil | 727,078 | -23.18° |
| Londrina | Brazil | 581,382 | -23.31° |
| Belford Roxo | Brazil | 518,384 | -22.76° |
| Niterói | Brazil | 515,317 | -22.88° |
| São João de Meriti | Brazil | 466,536 | -22.80° |
| Jundiaí | Brazil | 443,221 | -23.19° |
| Piracicaba | Brazil | 440,835 | -22.73° |
| Barra da Tijuca | Brazil | 421,438 | -23.00° |
| Maringá | Brazil | 409,657 | -23.43° |
| Carapicuíba | Brazil | 386,984 | -23.52° |
| Itaquaquecetuba | Brazil | 369,275 | -23.49° |
| Mogi das Cruzes | Brazil | 325,746 | -23.52° |
| Taubaté | Brazil | 322,397 | -23.03° |
| Suzano | Brazil | 320,261 | -23.54° |
| Barueri | Brazil | 316,473 | -23.51° |
| São Gonçalo | Brazil | 285,439 | -22.83° |
| Sumaré | Brazil | 279,545 | -22.82° |
| Indaiatuba | Brazil | 256,223 | -23.09° |
| Jacareí | Brazil | 250,952 | -23.31° |
| Americana | Brazil | 246,655 | -22.74° |
| Magé | Brazil | 244,142 | -22.65° |
| Itapevi | Brazil | 240,961 | -23.55° |
| Itaboraí | Brazil | 240,040 | -22.74° |
| Cabo Frio | Brazil | 238,438 | -22.89° |
| Hortolândia | Brazil | 236,641 | -22.86° |
| Maricá | Brazil | 211,986 | -22.92° |
| Santa Bárbara d'Oeste | Brazil | 189,456 | -22.75° |
| Ferraz de Vasconcelos | Brazil | 179,198 | -23.54° |
| Angra dos Reis | Brazil | 179,120 | -23.01° |
| Toliara | Madagascar | 178,725 | -23.35° |
| Bragança Paulista | Brazil | 176,811 | -22.95° |
| Itu | Brazil | 175,047 | -23.26° |
| Pindamonhangaba | Brazil | 172,681 | -22.92° |
| Francisco Morato | Brazil | 165,139 | -23.28° |
| Santana de Parnaíba | Brazil | 163,787 | -23.44° |
| Atibaia | Brazil | 158,647 | -23.12° |
| Nilópolis | Brazil | 155,500 | -22.81° |
| Queimados | Brazil | 149,093 | -22.72° |
| Botucatu | Brazil | 145,155 | -22.89° |
| Franco da Rocha | Brazil | 144,849 | -23.32° |
| Salto | Brazil | 141,111 | -23.20° |
| Araruama | Brazil | 137,906 | -22.87° |
| Apucarana | Brazil | 134,910 | -23.55° |
| Votorantim | Brazil | 133,510 | -23.55° |
| Valinhos | Brazil | 132,258 | -22.97° |
| Tatuí | Brazil | 129,130 | -23.36° |
| Arapongas | Brazil | 124,838 | -23.42° |
| Itaguaí | Brazil | 123,980 | -22.85° |
| Itatiba | Brazil | 122,581 | -23.01° |
| Sarandi | Brazil | 118,455 | -23.44° |
| Jandira | Brazil | 118,045 | -23.53° |
| Guaratinguetá | Brazil | 118,044 | -22.82° |
| Várzea Paulista | Brazil | 115,771 | -23.21° |
| Cambé | Brazil | 110,923 | -23.28° |
| São Pedro da Aldeia | Brazil | 110,677 | -22.84° |
| Paulínia | Brazil | 110,537 | -22.76° |
| Thohoyandou | South Africa | 107,144 | -22.95° |
| Assis | Brazil | 104,858 | -22.66° |
| Ourinhos | Brazil | 103,970 | -22.98° |
| Poá | Brazil | 103,765 | -23.53° |
| Caieiras | Brazil | 102,775 | -23.36° |
| Japeri | Brazil | 102,171 | -22.64° |
| Mairiporã | Brazil | 101,937 | -23.32° |
| Caçapava | Brazil | 100,071 | -23.10° |
| Paranavaí | Brazil | 95,525 | -23.07° |
| Avaré | Brazil | 92,805 | -23.10° |
| Cajamar | Brazil | 92,689 | -23.36° |
| Ubatuba | Brazil | 91,824 | -23.43° |
| Arujá | Brazil | 91,157 | -23.40° |
| Saquarema | Brazil | 90,583 | -22.90° |
| Lorena | Brazil | 89,125 | -22.73° |
| San Ramón de la Nueva Orán | Argentina | 86,867 | -23.14° |
| Louis Trichardt | South Africa | 86,854 | -23.04° |
| Seropédica | Brazil | 84,737 | -22.74° |
| Rockhampton | Australia | 81,021 | -23.38° |
| São Roque | Brazil | 79,484 | -23.53° |
| Campo Limpo Paulista | Brazil | 77,632 | -23.21° |
| Vinhedo | Brazil | 76,540 | -23.03° |
| Rolândia | Brazil | 75,818 | -23.31° |
| Walvis Bay | Namibia | 73,598 | -22.96° |
| Cosmópolis | Brazil | 73,474 | -22.65° |
| Lençóis Paulista | Brazil | 68,990 | -22.60° |
| Amparo | Brazil | 68,008 | -22.70° |
| Boituva | Brazil | 62,170 | -23.28° |
| Nova Odessa | Brazil | 62,019 | -22.78° |
| Monte Mor | Brazil | 60,754 | -22.95° |
| Rio Bonito | Brazil | 59,113 | -22.71° |
| Jaguariúna | Brazil | 58,722 | -22.71° |
| Naviraí | Brazil | 55,689 | -23.07° |
| Extrema | Brazil | 53,482 | -22.85° |
| Porto Feliz | Brazil | 53,402 | -23.21° |
| Santa Isabel | Brazil | 53,174 | -23.32° |
| Swakopmund | Namibia | 53,009 | -22.68° |
| Campos do Jordão | Brazil | 52,405 | -22.74° |
| Louveira | Brazil | 51,847 | -23.09° |
| Ibiporã | Brazil | 51,603 | -23.27° |
| Capivari | Brazil | 50,068 | -23.00° |
| Mahalapye | Botswana | 48,431 | -23.10° |
| Concepción | Paraguay | 48,123 | -23.40° |
| Cornélio Procópio | Brazil | 47,842 | -23.18° |
| Tremembé | Brazil | 47,714 | -22.96° |
| Mairinque | Brazil | 47,441 | -23.55° |
| Cabreúva | Brazil | 47,011 | -23.31° |
| Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo | Brazil | 46,442 | -22.90° |
| Mangaratiba | Brazil | 45,220 | -22.96° |
| Cordovil | Brazil | 45,202 | -22.83° |
| Cerquilho | Brazil | 44,695 | -23.17° |
| Santo Antônio da Platina | Brazil | 44,369 | -23.30° |
| Paracambi | Brazil | 43,656 | -22.61° |
| Pedreira | Brazil | 43,112 | -22.74° |
| Armação dos Búzios | Brazil | 42,442 | -22.75° |
| Paiçandu | Brazil | 41,773 | -23.46° |
| Socorro | Brazil | 41,352 | -22.59° |
| Vangaindrano | Madagascar | 40,813 | -23.35° |
| Jacarezinho | Brazil | 40,375 | -23.16° |
| Amambai | Brazil | 39,325 | -23.10° |
| Leblon | Brazil | 37,709 | -22.98° |
| Tietê | Brazil | 37,663 | -23.10° |
| Jarinu | Brazil | 37,535 | -23.10° |
| Ipanema | Brazil | 37,392 | -22.98° |
| São Manuel | Brazil | 37,289 | -22.73° |
| Giyani | South Africa | 37,024 | -23.30° |
| Farafangana | Madagascar | 36,724 | -22.82° |
| Iperó | Brazil | 36,459 | -23.35° |
| Aparecida | Brazil | 36,185 | -22.85° |
| Santa Teresa | Brazil | 35,873 | -22.92° |
| Marialva | Brazil | 35,804 | -23.49° |
| Bermejo | Bolivia | 35,411 | -22.73° |
| Mandaguari | Brazil | 34,515 | -23.52° |
| Rehoboth | Namibia | 34,185 | -23.32° |
| Araçoiaba da Serra | Brazil | 33,656 | -23.51° |
| Tanguá | Brazil | 32,858 | -22.73° |
| Arraial do Cabo | Brazil | 32,794 | -22.97° |
| Cachoeira Paulista | Brazil | 31,564 | -22.67° |
| Mandaguaçu | Brazil | 31,457 | -23.35° |
| Rio das Pedras | Brazil | 31,328 | -22.84° |
| Yby Yaú | Paraguay | 31,290 | -22.97° |
| Bandeirantes | Brazil | 31,273 | -23.11° |
| Guararema | Brazil | 31,236 | -23.42° |
| Caarapó | Brazil | 30,612 | -22.63° |
| Vila Galvão | Brazil | 29,968 | -23.47° |
| Serra Negra | Brazil | 29,894 | -22.61° |
| Biritiba Mirim | Brazil | 29,683 | -23.57° |
| Iguaba Grande | Brazil | 29,577 | -22.84° |
| Cambuí | Brazil | 29,536 | -22.61° |
| Cândido Mota | Brazil | 29,449 | -22.75° |
| Piraju | Brazil | 29,436 | -23.19° |
| Piraí | Brazil | 29,054 | -22.63° |
| Pichanal | Argentina | 28,017 | -23.32° |
| Acari | Brazil | 27,347 | -22.82° |
| Vohipaho | Madagascar | 27,000 | -23.55° |
| Nova Esperança | Brazil | 26,585 | -23.18° |
| Universidade Rural | Brazil | 26,371 | -22.77° |
| Laranjal Paulista | Brazil | 26,261 | -23.05° |
| Astorga | Brazil | 26,209 | -23.23° |
| Camanducaia | Brazil | 26,097 | -22.76° |
| Piracaia | Brazil | 26,029 | -23.05° |
| Itaí | Brazil | 25,180 | -23.42° |
| Rocinha | Brazil | 24,543 | -22.99° |
| Angatuba | Brazil | 24,512 | -23.49° |
| Taquarituba | Brazil | 24,350 | -23.53° |
| Massinga | Mozambique | 24,312 | -23.33° |
| Colorado | Brazil | 24,145 | -22.84° |
| Embarcación | Argentina | 23,961 | -23.21° |
| Estácio | Brazil | 23,260 | -22.92° |
| Santo Antônio de Posse | Brazil | 23,244 | -22.61° |
| Loanda | Brazil | 23,242 | -22.92° |
| Cambará | Brazil | 23,212 | -23.05° |
| Capela do Alto | Brazil | 22,866 | -23.47° |
| Catete | Brazil | 22,295 | -22.93° |
| Araçariguama | Brazil | 22,168 | -23.44° |
| Cunha | Brazil | 22,110 | -23.07° |
| Silva Jardim | Brazil | 22,026 | -22.65° |
| Bom Jesus dos Perdões | Brazil | 22,006 | -23.14° |
| Iracemápolis | Brazil | 21,967 | -22.58° |
| Sakaraha | Madagascar | 21,826 | -22.90° |
| Cerqueira César | Brazil | 21,469 | -23.04° |
| Itupeva | Brazil | 20,605 | -23.15° |
| Potim | Brazil | 20,392 | -22.84° |
| Vondrozo | Madagascar | 19,949 | -22.82° |
| Andirá | Brazil | 19,878 | -23.05° |
| General Mosconi | Argentina | 19,811 | -22.60° |
| Palmital | Brazil | 19,594 | -22.79° |
| Freguesia | Brazil | 19,437 | -22.79° |
| Itaquiraí | Brazil | 19,423 | -23.47° |
| Paranapanema | Brazil | 19,395 | -23.39° |
| Tshitereke | South Africa | 19,092 | -22.88° |
| Itatinga | Brazil | 19,070 | -23.10° |
| Cesário Lange | Brazil | 19,048 | -23.23° |
| Pirapora do Bom Jesus | Brazil | 18,370 | -23.40° |
| Betroka | Madagascar | 18,350 | -23.27° |
| Nazaré Paulista | Brazil | 18,217 | -23.18° |
| Souzas | Brazil | 18,152 | -22.88° |
| Rio Claro | Brazil | 17,950 | -22.72° |
| Santa Rosa | Argentina | 17,785 | -23.39° |
| Elias Fausto | Brazil | 17,699 | -23.04° |
| Paraibuna | Brazil | 17,667 | -23.39° |
| Alumínio | Brazil | 17,591 | -23.54° |
| Rosana | Brazil | 17,440 | -22.58° |
| Terra Rica | Brazil | 16,924 | -22.73° |
| Fartura | Brazil | 16,641 | -23.39° |
| Sertanópolis | Brazil | 16,413 | -23.06° |
| Malamulele | South Africa | 15,659 | -22.97° |
| Terra Preta | Brazil | 15,605 | -22.63° |
| Bela Vista do Paraíso | Brazil | 15,399 | -23.00° |
| Conchas | Brazil | 15,232 | -23.02° |
| Pinhalzinho | Brazil | 15,224 | -22.78° |
| Salesópolis | Brazil | 15,202 | -23.53° |
| Paraty | Brazil | 15,118 | -23.22° |
| Vidigal | Brazil | 15,112 | -22.99° |
| Holambra | Brazil | 15,094 | -22.63° |
| Guareí | Brazil | 15,013 | -23.37° |
| Emerald | Australia | 14,906 | -23.52° |
| Tarumã | Brazil | 14,882 | -22.75° |
| Alto Paraná | Brazil | 14,859 | -23.13° |
| Pôrto Barra do Ivinheima | Brazil | 14,527 | -22.97° |
| Carlópolis | Brazil | 14,356 | -23.43° |
| Mejillones | Chile | 14,084 | -23.10° |
| Paraíso do Norte | Brazil | 14,023 | -23.28° |
| Santa Branca | Brazil | 13,975 | -23.40° |
| Assaí | Brazil | 13,797 | -23.37° |
| Jaguapitã | Brazil | 13,742 | -23.11° |
| Morungaba | Brazil | 13,720 | -22.88° |
| Ipaussu | Brazil | 13,712 | -23.06° |
| Ribeirão do Pinhal | Brazil | 12,948 | -23.41° |
| Costa Rica | Brazil | 12,930 | -23.42° |
| Nova Londrina | Brazil | 12,923 | -22.77° |
| Joanópolis | Brazil | 12,815 | -22.93° |
| Cidade Gaúcha | Brazil | 12,797 | -23.38° |
| Itapeva | Brazil | 12,692 | -22.77° |
| Maracaí | Brazil | 12,673 | -22.61° |
| Taguaí | Brazil | 12,669 | -23.45° |
| Ka-Mhinga | South Africa | 12,609 | -22.76° |
| Piquete | Brazil | 12,490 | -22.61° |
| Leme | Brazil | 12,479 | -22.96° |
| Newman | Australia | 12,316 | -23.36° |
| Querência do Norte | Brazil | 12,232 | -23.08° |
| Chavantes | Brazil | 12,211 | -23.04° |
| Hipólito Yrigoyen | Argentina | 12,134 | -23.25° |
| Gracemere | Australia | 12,023 | -23.44° |
| Joaquim Távora | Brazil | 12,009 | -23.50° |
| Bochum | South Africa | 12,000 | -23.29° |
| Jataizinho | Brazil | 11,996 | -23.25° |
| São Bento do Sapucaí | Brazil | 11,674 | -22.69° |
| Porecatu | Brazil | 11,624 | -22.76° |
| Santa Mariana | Brazil | 11,622 | -23.15° |
| Arcadas | Brazil | 11,614 | -22.72° |
| Bernardino de Campos | Brazil | 11,607 | -23.01° |
| Alvorada do Sul | Brazil | 11,503 | -22.78° |
| Gamboa | Brazil | 11,416 | -22.90° |
| Santa Fé | Brazil | 11,378 | -23.04° |
| Humahuaca | Argentina | 11,369 | -23.21° |
| Uraí | Brazil | 11,273 | -23.20° |
| Primeiro de Maio | Brazil | 11,130 | -22.85° |
| Cacuia | Brazil | 11,013 | -22.81° |
| San Pedro de Atacama | Chile | 10,960 | -22.91° |
| Roseira | Brazil | 10,832 | -22.90° |
| Centenário do Sul | Brazil | 10,764 | -22.82° |
| Aral Moreira | Brazil | 10,748 | -22.93° |
| Ribeirão Claro | Brazil | 10,645 | -23.19° |
| Igaratá | Brazil | 10,605 | -23.20° |
| Horqueta | Paraguay | 10,531 | -23.34° |
| Vargem | Brazil | 10,512 | -22.89° |
| Bofete | Brazil | 10,460 | -23.10° |
| Florestópolis | Brazil | 10,453 | -22.86° |
| Porangaba | Brazil | 10,451 | -23.18° |
| São Luís do Paraitinga | Brazil | 10,337 | -23.22° |
| Areiópolis | Brazil | 10,257 | -22.67° |
| Bananal | Brazil | 9,969 | -22.68° |
| Santo Cristo | Brazil | 9,936 | -22.90° |
| Manduri | Brazil | 9,871 | -23.00° |
| São Conrado | Brazil | 9,739 | -23.00° |
| Paranacity | Brazil | 9,557 | -22.93° |
| Abra Pampa | Argentina | 9,425 | -22.72° |
| Douradina | Brazil | 9,161 | -23.38° |
| Japurá | Brazil | 9,144 | -23.47° |
| Capitán Bado | Paraguay | 9,114 | -23.27° |
| Rondon | Brazil | 9,097 | -23.41° |
| Salto Grande | Brazil | 9,050 | -22.89° |
| Icaraíma | Brazil | 8,991 | -23.40° |
| Rafard | Brazil | 8,965 | -23.01° |
| Santa Isabel do Ivaí | Brazil | 8,912 | -23.00° |
| Shoshong | Botswana | 8,887 | -23.04° |
| Sabáudia | Brazil | 8,822 | -23.32° |
| Monte Alegre do Sul | Brazil | 8,627 | -22.68° |
| Santa Cruz de Monte Castelo | Brazil | 8,613 | -22.95° |
| Congonhinhas | Brazil | 8,320 | -23.55° |
| Saltinho | Brazil | 8,161 | -22.85° |
| Quatiguá | Brazil | 8,099 | -23.57° |
| São Sebastião da Amoreira | Brazil | 8,063 | -23.47° |
| Iaras | Brazil | 8,010 | -22.87° |
| Iepê | Brazil | 7,619 | -22.66° |
| Munhoz | Brazil | 7,451 | -22.61° |
| Águas de Santa Bárbara | Brazil | 7,407 | -22.88° |
| Marilena | Brazil | 7,253 | -22.74° |
| Abatiá | Brazil | 7,241 | -23.30° |
| Nova Fátima | Brazil | 7,225 | -23.43° |
| São Pedro do Turvo | Brazil | 7,217 | -22.75° |
| Toledo | Brazil | 7,214 | -22.74° |
| Lerala | Botswana | 7,204 | -22.79° |
| Pardinho | Brazil | 7,153 | -23.08° |
| Santo Antônio do Pinhal | Brazil | 7,133 | -22.83° |
| Arandu | Brazil | 7,050 | -23.13° |
| Yeppoon | Australia | 7,037 | -23.13° |
| Behompy | Madagascar | 7,000 | -23.25° |
| Natividade da Serra | Brazil | 6,999 | -23.38° |
| Ivaté | Brazil | 6,831 | -23.41° |
| Tuiuti | Brazil | 6,778 | -22.82° |
| Juti | Brazil | 6,729 | -22.86° |
| Guairaçá | Brazil | 6,587 | -22.93° |
| São Carlos do Ivaí | Brazil | 6,587 | -23.32° |
| Pedra Bela | Brazil | 6,557 | -22.79° |
| Jambeiro | Brazil | 6,397 | -23.25° |
| Ibirarema | Brazil | 6,385 | -22.82° |
| Alambari | Brazil | 6,330 | -23.55° |
| Doutor Camargo | Brazil | 6,327 | -23.56° |
| Sapucaí-Mirim | Brazil | 6,311 | -22.75° |
| Moneró | Brazil | 6,304 | -22.80° |
| Canitar | Brazil | 6,283 | -23.01° |
| Senador Amaral | Brazil | 6,206 | -22.59° |
| Silveiras | Brazil | 6,186 | -22.66° |
| Santo Inácio | Brazil | 6,181 | -22.70° |
| Nthabalala | South Africa | 5,969 | -23.22° |
| Itambaracá | Brazil | 5,908 | -23.02° |
| Coronel Juan Solá | Argentina | 5,876 | -23.47° |
| Tshandama | South Africa | 5,842 | -22.75° |
| Nova Olímpia | Brazil | 5,833 | -23.47° |
| Anhembi | Brazil | 5,766 | -22.79° |
| Tapira | Brazil | 5,745 | -23.32° |
| Sertaneja | Brazil | 5,616 | -23.04° |
| São João do Caiuá | Brazil | 5,586 | -22.85° |
| Sefhare | Botswana | 5,381 | -23.03° |
| Iguaraçu | Brazil | 5,338 | -23.20° |
| Senwamokgope | South Africa | 5,328 | -23.41° |
| São Tomé | Brazil | 5,232 | -23.54° |
| São Jorge do Ivaí | Brazil | 5,168 | -23.43° |
| Diamante do Norte | Brazil | 5,142 | -22.66° |
| Pratânia | Brazil | 5,126 | -22.81° |
| Lagoinha | Brazil | 5,083 | -23.09° |
| Babirwa | South Africa | 5,006 | -23.43° |
Understanding Pereiras's latitude
| Latitude | 23.08° S |
|---|---|
| Distance to Equator | 2,566 km / 1,594 mi |
| Distance to polar circle | 4,835 km / 3,004 mi Antarctic Circle (66.56° S) |
Daylight over the year
Estimated daylight (sunrise-to-sunset) duration in Pereiras along the year.
The longest daylight at latitude 23.08° S is about 13h 33m around the summer solstice in December, while the shortest is about 10h 43m around the winter solstice in June.
These are approximate astronomical estimates, using solar-declination equations documented by NOAA and a standard sunrise/sunset horizon of −0.833°. Twilight is not included. Terrain, altitude and actual atmospheric conditions can change observed daylight, particularly near the poles. Distances are approximate north–south distances along a meridian on a mean-radius Earth; the nearest polar circle is taken at 66.56°.
Monthly daylight estimates
Calculated for the 15th of each month.
| Month | Daylight |
|---|---|
| January | 13h 23m |
| February | 12h 51m |
| March | 12h 14m |
| April | 11h 33m |
| May | 11h 00m |
| June | 10h 43m |
| July | 10h 51m |
| August | 11h 19m |
| September | 11h 57m |
| October | 12h 37m |
| November | 13h 14m |
| December | 13h 33m |
Interactive map of Pereiras
About latitude comparisons
When comparing cities at the same latitude, such as Pereiras and its global counterparts, it is important to remember that while they share identical daylight hours and similar solar angles throughout the year, their climates may differ drastically. Factors including elevation, proximity to oceans, and dominant wind patterns shape the local environment just as much as solar positioning.
The results shown here are cities located within ±0.5 degrees of Pereiras's parallel (-23.08°), which covers roughly 55 kilometers (34 miles) north or south of its exact coordinate.
Frequently asked questions
What is the longitude of Pereiras?
Pereiras is located at longitude 47.9758° W. Among cities within ±0.5° of the same meridian, Brasília (Brazil), at 47.9297° W in the Southern Hemisphere.
How close are these cities to Pereiras’s latitude?
Each listed city has a stored latitude between -23.58° and -22.58°, the ±0.5° matching band around Pereiras.
Does this map show exact city boundaries?
No. Map markers and latitude values use city reference coordinates. They help compare locations on a parallel, but do not represent municipal boundaries.
Do these cities share the same climate?
Not necessarily. Latitude is only one influence on climate; altitude, coastlines, ocean currents and local terrain also matter.